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Sayyid Qutb
Sayyid Qutb (〔("Qutb" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 or ; , ; (アラビア語:سيد قطب) ''Sayyid Quṭb''; also spelled ''Said, Syed, Seyyid, Sayid, Sayed, Koteb, Qutub, Kotb, Kutb''; 9 October 1906 – 29 August 1966) was an Egyptian author, educator, Islamic theorist, poet, and the leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1966 he was convicted of plotting the assassination of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and was executed by hanging.
Author of 24 books, including novels, literary arts critique and works on education, he is best known in the Muslim world for his work on what he believed to be the social and political role of Islam, particularly in his books ''Social Justice'' and ''Ma'alim fi al-Tariq'' (''Milestones''). His magnum opus, ''Fi Zilal al-Quran'' (''In the Shade of the Qur'an''), is a 30-volume commentary on the Quran.
During most of his life, Qutb's inner circle mainly consisted of influential politicians, intellectuals, poets and literary figures, both of his age and of the preceding generation. By the mid-1940s, many of his writings were officially among the curricula of schools, colleges and universities.〔''The Political Thoughts of Sayyed Qutb'', Ch. 3, p. 56〕
Even though most of his observations and criticism were leveled at the Muslim world, Qutb is also known for his intense disapproval of the society and culture of the United States,〔(PBS program America at the crossroads ).〕〔David Von Drehle, (A Lesson In Hate ) ''Smithsonian Magazine''〕 which he saw as obsessed with materialism, violence, and sexual pleasures.〔 quoting Hourani, A. ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939.'' Cambridge University Press, 1962. and Mitchell, Richard S. ''The Society of The Muslim Brotherhood''. Oxford University Press, 1969.〕 Views on Qutb vary widely. He has been described by followers as a great thinker and martyr for Islam,〔(Interview with Dr Abdel Moneim Abul Fotouh – Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader ) 8 May 2008〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Syed Qutb )〕 while many Western observers see him as a key originator of Islamist ideology.〔(The Osama Bin Laden I Know By Peter L. Bergen ) pp. 18–20〕 Others in the West believe Qutb is an inspiration for violent groups such as al-Qaeda.〔(Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?" ) ''The Guardian'' (1 November 2001).〕〔(Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror" ), ''New York Times Magazine'' (23 March 2003).〕〔(Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization )〕 Today, his supporters are identified as Qutbists〔(Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism ) by Dale C. Eikmeier. From ''Parameters'', Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.〕 or "Qutbi" (by their opponents, not by themselves).〔(Pioneers of Islamic revival ) By ʻAlī Rāhnamā, p. 175〕
==Life and public career==
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